Lockheed Model 10 Electra

The Lockheed L-10 Electra was a twin-engine, all-metal monoplane airliner developed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in the 1930s to compete with the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2.

L-10 Electra/C-36

Amelia Earhart's Electra 10E
Type	Utility aircraft
Manufacturer	Lockheed
Designed by	Hall Hibbard
Maiden flight	February 23, 1934
Number built	149
Variants	Electra Junior Super Electra

History

The Electra was Lockheed's first all-metal and twin-engine design. (However, some of Lockheed's wooden designs, such as the Orion had been built by Detroit Aircraft with metal fuselages.) The name Electra came from a star in the Plieades. The prototype made its first flight on February 23, 1934 with Marshall Headle at the controls.

Wind tunnel work on the Electra was undertaken at the University of Michigan. Much of the work was performed by a student assistant, Clarence Johnson. He suggested two changes be made to the design: changing the single tail to double tails (later a Lockheed trademark), and deleting oversized wing fillets. Both of these suggestions were incorporated into production aircraft. Upon receiving his master's degree, Johnson joined Lockheed as a regular employee, ultimately leading the Skunk Works in developing advanced aircraft such as the SR-71 Blackbird.

Aviatrix Amelia Earhart disappeared in an Electra on an attempted around-the-world flight in 1937.

Later in 1937, H.T. "Dick" Merrill and J.S. Lambie accomplished a round-trip crossing of the Atlantic Ocean; this feat was declared the first round-trip commercial crossing of that ocean, and it won them the Harmon Trophy. On the eastbound trip, they carried newsreels of the crash of the Hindenburg, and on the return trip, the brought photographs of the coronation of King George VI.

In September 1938, a British Airways Electra flew British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to a meeting with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler. Upon returning to Britain, Chamberlain guaranteed "Peace in our time." Less than a year later, World War II broke out with the Nazi invasion of Poland.

Many Electras, and descendants of the design (the L-12 Electra Junior and L-14 Super Electra), were pressed into military service during World War II (as the C-36 with the USAAF). By the end of the war, the Electra design was obsolete.

Variants

The Electra was produced in several variants, for both civilian and military customers. Lockheed built a total of 149 Electras.

Electra 10A

Three built as Y1C-36 / C-36 / UC-36.
Fifteen impressed as C-36A, but later re-designated UC-36A.
Three built as XR20-1 / R20-1 for Secretary of the Navy.
One built as Y1C-37 / C-37 / UC-37 for Chief of National Guard Bureau

Electra 10B

Seven impressed as C-36C, but later re-designated UC-36C.
One built as XR30-1 for use by the Secretary of Treasury, operated by the US Coast Guard.

Electra 10C

Electra 10-D

Proposed military transport version; none built.

Electra 10-E

Five impressed as C-36B, but later re-designated UC-36B

XC-35: Experimental pressurized research model powered by supercharged Pratt & Whitney XR-1340-43, 550 hp (410 kW) each. The one production model was tested for the War Department by Lieutenant Ben Kelsey. For this work, the Army Air Corps was awarded the 1937 Collier Trophy. The XC-35 is currently in storage in the collection of the National Air and Space Museum..

Preserved Electras

Canada is the home of two Model 10As. The first aircraft in the Air Canada (then called Trans-Canada Air Lines) fleet was an Electra L10A, "TCA." Two Electras were delivered to Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) in 1937. They were based in Winnipeg and used for pilot training. Trans-Canada Air Lines ordered three more for transcontinental service; "CF-TCC" was one of those three. These former TCA machines and other 10As were acquired by the RCAF during Second World War, and later sold to private operators.

TCA survived into the 1960s when Ann Pellegreno between June 7 and July 10, 1967 flew TCA on a round-the-world flight to commemorate Amelia Earhart’s last flight in 1937. The Canada Aviation Museum acquired this aircraft after the commemorative flight. Manufactured in 1937, the Museum example was the first new aircraft purchased by Trans-Canada Air Lines and served with the company until transferred to the RCAF in 1939. Sold in 1941 to a private operator, it was flown until 1967 by various owners. Air Canada restored the aircraft in 1968 and donated it to the Museum.

L-10A Electra "CF-TCC" in Trans-Canada Air Lines livery at the Western Canada Aviation Museum.

TCC was another former Trans-Canada Air Lines original. CF-TCC was found in Florida by a vacationing Air Canada employee in the early 1980s. Arrangements were made for it to be brought back to Winnipeg where it was restored. It was flown across Canada in 1987 to commemorate Air Canada's 50th Anniversary.

Air Canada maintains the aircraft and uses it to promote the airline. The aircraft was placed on display at Expo 86 after recreating the original TCA cross-country flight in 1937 and continues to be displayed at air shows and conferances. In 2006, it was flown from Toronto to Washington DC for the Airlines International Show [1]. For most of the year, TCC resides at the Western Canada Aviation Museum where it is one of the feature aircraft displayed.

Two Electras are also preserved in New Zealand's Museum of Transport and Technology.

Operators

Commercial

Aeroput (Yugoslavia) (now known as Jat Airways)
British Airways
Canadian Airlines
Chicago & Southern
Continental Airlines
Delta Air Lines
Eastern Airlines
Guinea Airways
Hanford
LARES (Romania)
LAN Chile
LOT Polish Airlines
National Airways
Northwest Airlines
Pan American (Alaska Division)
Trans-Canada Air Lines
Union Airways (New Zealand)

Military

Specifications (Electra 10A)

General characteristics

Crew: 2
Length: 38 ft 7 in (11.8 m)
Wingspan: 55 ft 0 in (16.8 m)
Height: 10 ft 1 in (3.1 m)
Wing area: 458 ft (42.6 m)
Empty weight: 6,454 lb (2,930 kg)
Loaded weight: 10,500 lb (4,760 kg)
Max takeoff weight: lb (kg)
Powerplant: 2× Pratt & Whitney R-985-13 , 450 hp (340 kW) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 202 mph (325 km/h)
Range: 713 mi (1,150 km)
Service ceiling: 19,400 ft (5,910 m)
Rate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (300 m/min)
Wing loading: 22.9 lb/ft² (111.7 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.085 hp/lb (142 W/kg)

Ready for takeoff, runway 24L

Thursday, December 14, 2006